Dr Deepankar Vatsa, Consultant – Cardiology, Yatharth Hospital, Greater Noida

Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, is a chronic and progressive condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body’s needs. This inefficiency can lead to a cascade of health issues, as organs and tissues do not receive the oxygen and nutrients they require. Recognizing the symptoms of heart failure early is crucial for managing the condition and preventing serious complications.

Heart failure doesn’t mean that the heart has stopped working entirely. Instead, it indicates that the heart’s pumping capacity is weaker than normal. This weakness can result from various conditions, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, previous heart attacks, or cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle). When the heart’s ability to pump is compromised, blood may back up into the lungs and other parts of the body, leading to congestion and other symptoms.

Identifying Symptoms of Heart Failure

The symptoms of heart failure can be broadly categorized into those related to fluid accumulation (congestive symptoms) and those related to reduced blood flow (low-output symptoms).

Congestive Symptoms:

Shortness of Breath (Dyspnoea): One of the most common symptoms of heart failure is shortness of breath. This can occur during physical activity, while lying down, or even at rest. Patients may experience difficulty breathing while lying flat or episodes of breathlessness at night.

Swelling (Edema): Fluid retention often leads to swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, and sometimes in the abdomen. This swelling is typically more noticeable at the end of the day or after prolonged periods of standing or sitting.

Weight Gain: Rapid, unexplained weight gain over a short period can indicate fluid buildup. Patients with heart failure may notice their clothes or shoes fitting more tightly.

Persistent Cough or Wheezing: A chronic cough or wheezing, particularly with frothy or blood-tinged sputum, can result from fluid accumulation in the lungs.

Low-Output Symptoms:

Fatigue and Weakness: Reduced blood flow to muscles and tissues can cause significant fatigue and weakness, making it difficult to perform everyday activities.

Confusion and Memory Problems: Insufficient blood flow to the brain can lead to cognitive issues, including confusion, memory problems, and difficulty concentrating.

Decreased Exercise Capacity: Patients may find themselves unable to engage in physical activities they previously could, due to shortness of breath and fatigue.

Rapid or Irregular Heartbeat (Palpitations): As the heart struggles to pump blood effectively, it may beat faster or irregularly to compensate.

Other Symptoms:

Nausea and Lack of Appetite: Reduced blood flow to the digestive system can cause nausea, bloating, and a loss of appetite.

Cold Extremities: Poor circulation can result in cold hands and feet.

When to Seek Medical Attention

It is crucial to seek medical attention if you or someone you know experiences these symptoms, especially if they develop suddenly or worsen rapidly. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve quality of life and outcomes for individuals with heart failure. A healthcare provider can perform a physical exam, order tests such as ECG or blood tests, and recommend treatments that may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgical interventions.