Dr. Neeraj Chaudhary, Director Robotic and Laparoscopic GI-HPB Surgery and GI-HPB Oncology, Yatharth Hospital, Greater Noida

Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a prevalent form of cancer affecting the large intestine. It arises when abnormal cells in the colon or rectum multiply uncontrollably, forming tumours. Awareness of risk factors, early diagnostic methods, and modern treatment options, including minimally invasive surgeries, can significantly improve outcomes for patients.

Risk Factors

Several factors can elevate the risk of developing colon cancer. Age is a significant factor, with individuals over 50 being more susceptible. A family history of colon cancer or polyps also increases the risk. Dietary habits, particularly a diet high in red and processed meats and low in fibre, are contributors. Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis heighten the risk, as do genetic conditions such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis. Lifestyle factors like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle further amplify the risk.

Diagnostic Modalities

Early detection of colon cancer is critical for effective treatment. Several diagnostic tools and procedures are available:

Colonoscopy is the most common and effective screening tool for colorectal cancer, involving the insertion of a long, flexible tube with a camera into the rectum to examine the entire colon. The Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) is a non-invasive method that detects hidden blood in stool, serving as an early indicator of cancer. Sigmoidoscopy, similar to a colonoscopy but focused on the rectum and lower colon, provides a targeted examination. CT Colonography, or Virtual Colonoscopy, employs CT scanning to produce detailed images of the colon and rectum, aiding in the detection of abnormalities.

Role of Screening

Screening is a powerful tool in the fight against colon cancer. Regular screening can detect polyps before they become cancerous and catch cancer at an early stage when treatment is more likely to be successful. The American Cancer Society recommends that individuals at average risk begin regular screening at age 45. Those with a family history or other risk factors may need to start earlier. Options for screening include colonoscopies, stool tests, and CT colonography.

Minimally Invasive Surgery

Advancements in surgical techniques have made minimally invasive surgeries like laparoscopic and robotic surgery viable options for treating colon cancer. These methods offer several benefits over traditional open surgery:

Laparoscopic Surgery: This involves small incisions through which a camera and surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon views the procedure on a monitor, allowing precise movements. Benefits include reduced pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

Robotic Surgery: Similar to laparoscopic surgery, robotic surgery uses a robotic system controlled by the surgeon. The robot’s precision allows for even finer movements than laparoscopic surgery, potentially improving outcomes. Patients often experience less pain, minimal scarring, and a faster return to normal activities.

Minimally invasive techniques are particularly beneficial for patients as they reduce the trauma associated with surgery, lower the risk of complications, and promote quicker healing. These approaches are becoming increasingly common as technology and surgical expertise advance.

Colon cancer remains a significant health concern, but understanding the risk factors, utilizing early diagnostic modalities, and embracing modern surgical techniques can greatly enhance patient outcomes. Regular screening is vital for early detection and prevention, and minimally invasive surgeries offer promising advancements in treatment. With ongoing research and technological progress, the fight against colon cancer continues to evolve, offering hope and improved quality of life for those affected.